![]() et al., 2014) and inflammation in visceral adipose tissue is a main driver of IR ( Lumeng et al., 2007). Some studies have pointed out that body mass index is positively associated with IR ( Li W. ![]() IR and obesity are connected with chronic inflammation in metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue and the liver ( Winer et al., 2016). Prospective studies have highlighted the importance of IR in the pathogenesis of T2D and suggest that IR is the best predictor of future T2D diagnosis ( Lillioja et al., 1993). During IR, the body’s compensatory release of excess insulin to maintain blood sugar stability causes hyperinsulinemia that can progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Insulin resistance (IR) is a pathological condition in which target tissues (primarily skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue) have an impaired biological response to insulin stimulation. This article reviews studies of the target mechanisms of herbal treatments for insulin resistance. Improved insulin sensitivity upon treatment with herbal medicine provides considerable prospects for treating insulin resistance. The targets involved in these studies include insulin receptor substrate, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, glucose transporter, AMP-activated protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3, mitogen-activated protein kinases, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, nuclear factor-kappaB, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Numerous of in vitro and in vivo studies have pointed out that the role of herbal medicine in improving insulin resistance is related to interventions in various aspects of the insulin signaling pathway. These studies involve not only the single-flavored herbs, but also herbal formulas, extracts, and active ingredients. Many clinical trials have suggested the potential role of herbs in the treatment of insulin resistance, although most of the clinical trials included in this review have certain flaws and bias risks in their methodological design, including the generation of randomization, the concealment of allocation, blinding, and inadequate reporting of sample size estimates. This increased workload of the pancreas and the consequent decompensation are not only the main mechanisms for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but also exacerbate the damage of metabolic diseases, including obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, metabolic syndrome, and others. Although often expressed as an increase in insulin concentration, the disease is characterized by a decrease in insulin action. Protects the Stomach and prevents abdominal pain caused by purgatives.Insulin resistance is a condition in which insulin sensitivity is reduced and the insulin signaling pathway is impaired. Helps release Upper Jiao Heat, benefits the head and throat and relieves Liver Qi Stagnation.Ĭlears Heat from the Lung, Stomach and Heart, promotes urination and clears Damp-Heat. Zhi Zi, powerfully clears and drains lurking Heat from the Lungs with fever, fullness in the chest, cough with yellow sputum and epistaxis or hematemesis, Clears Damp-Heat and jaundice, treats sores due to Heat toxin and irregular vaginal bleeding due to Liver FireĬlears Heat from all three Jiaos through the urine and resolves Dampness.Ĭlears Lung Heat, relieves toxicity, reduces abscesses and dissipates clumps. With Da Huang, for constipation due to Colon Heat.Ĭlears Heat, relieves Fire toxicity and harmonizes.ĭrains Fire, clears Heat, dries Dampness, detoxifies and clears Lung and Liver Heat. Reduces swelling and eliminates Stagnation. ![]() Softens hardness, purges accumulations, clears Heat, drains Fire, With Huang Qin, Zhi Zi and Lian Qiao, for strong pathogenic Heat in the Upper and Middle Jiaos. ![]() With Mang Xiao and Gan Cao ( Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang), drains Yang Ming Heat. ![]() With Mang Xiao, eliminates obstruction in the IntestinesĪnd treats abscess, swellings and toxic sores. Drains Heat and Fire, purges accumulations, transforms Dampness, promotes urination, Invigorates the Blood, d ispels Blood Stasis and reduces Fire toxicity. ![]()
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